Faculty
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Division of Epidemiology and Prevention
Jean K. Carr, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, UMBI
Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory
jecarr@ihv.umaryland.edu
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| Profile |
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Dr. Carr has successfully established an international reputation by pursuing her dual interest in Epidemiology and in Molecular Biology. Initially, she attended Tulane University in New Orleans and earned a Master’s degree in epidemiology. Following that, she did her doctoral research in the Department of Biochemistry at Louisiana State University Medical Center. She discovered one of the first trans-regulatory genes to influence the replication of retroviruses, studying the expression of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus in lactating mice.
In 1989, she joined the U.S. Military HIV Research Program in Rockville, Maryland and, working under Dr. Francine McCutchan, began to study the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1. The ability to generate full genome sequences of HIV-1 efficiently has resulted in a much more accurate picture of the extent of recombination in the life cycle of HIV and helped to inform an aggressive program of vaccine development. Her most important findings were
- to define the subtype structure and geographic distribution of circulating recombinant forms 01, 02, 12, 15, 16 and 17.
- To document the first dual subtype infection, in a Thai national.
- To discover that the African ‘Subtype A’ epidemic was actually two epidemics, one in the west, with CRF02_AG, and one in the east, with subtype A.
- To describe the unique BF recombinant epidemic in Argentina.
- To discover that a West African recombinant, CRF02_AG, was circulating in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.
Dr. Carr was recruited to the Institute of Human Virology in October, 2005, as an associate professor and head of the Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory. Author of over 85 published articles in scientific journals, she will continue to study the spread of pathogens through populations and how the genetics of the pathogen and of the host interface with cultural and sociological factors to create unique epidemiological patterns.
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| Education |
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| Ph.D. - Biochemistry L.S.U. Medical Center, New Orleans, LA |
| M.S.H. - Epidemiology Tulane School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA |
| M.A. - Biology Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA |
| B.A. - (cum laude) St. John’s College, Annapolis, MD |
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| Selected Publications |
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| 1. |
Carr, JK, Traina-Dorge, VL and Cohen, JC: Mouse mammary tumor virus gene expression regulated in trans by Lps locus. Virology 147:210-213, 1985. |
| 2. |
Artenstein AW, VanCott TC, Mascola JR, Carr JK, Hegerich PA, Gaywee J, Sanders-Buell E, Robb ML, Dayhoff DE, Thitivichianlert S, Nitayaphan S, McNeil JG, Birx DL, Michael RA, Burke DS, McCutchan FE. Dual Infection with HIV-1 of Distinct Envelope (env) Subtypes in Humans. J Inf Dis 171:805-810, 1995. |
| 3. |
Salminen MO, Carr JK, Burke DS and McCutchan FE. Identification of Breakpoints in Intergenotypic Recombinants of HIV Type 1 by Bootscanning. AIDS Res and Hum Ret 11 (11):1423-1425, 1995. |
| 4. |
Salminen MO, Koch C, Sanders-Buell E, Ehrenberg PK, Michael NL, Carr JK, Burke DS, and McCutchan FE. Recovery of virtually full-length HIV-1 provirus of diverse subtypes from primary virus cultures using the polymerase chain reaction. Virology 213: 80-86, 1995. |
| 5. |
Carr JK, Salminen MO, Koch C, Gotte DR, Artenstein AW, Hegerich PA, St. Louis D, Burke DS and McCutchan FE. Full length sequence and mosaic structure of a human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) isolate from Thailand. J. Virol. 70:5935-5943, 1996. |
| 6. |
Carr JK, Salminen MO, Albert J, Sanders-Buell E, Gotte D, Birx DL, McCutchan FE. Full genome sequences of HIV–1 subtypes G and A/G inter-subtype recombinants. Virology 247:22-31, 1998. |
| 7. |
Carr JK, Foley BT, Leitner T, Salminen MO, Korber B, McCutchan FE. Reference sequences representing the prinicipal genetic diversity of HIV-1 in the pandemic. Human Retroviruses and AIDS: 1998, III-19, 1998. |
| 8. |
McCutchan FE, Carr JK, Bajani M, Sanders-Buell E, Harry TO, Stoeckli TC, Robbins KE, Gashau W, Nasadi A, Janssens W, Kalish ML. Subtype G and multiple forms of A/G intersubtype recombinant HIV-1 in Nigeria. Virology 254:226-234, 1999. |
| 9. |
Neilson JR, John GC, Carr JK, Lewis P, Kreiss JK, Jackson S, Nduati RW, Mbori-Ngacha D, Panteleeff DD, Bodrug S, Giachetti C, Bott MA, Richardson BA, Bwayo J, Ndinya-Achola J, Overbaugh J. Subtypes of HIV-1 and disease stage among women in Nairobi, Kenya. J. Virol. 73: 4393-4403, 1999. |
| 10. |
Carr JK, Laukkanen T, Salminen MO, Albert J, Alaeus A, Kim B, Sanders-Buell E, Birx DL, McCutchan FE. Characterization of subtype A HIV-1 from Africa by full genome sequencing. AIDS 13:1819-1826, 1999. |
| 11. |
Cleghorn FR, Jack N, Carr JK, Edwards J, Mahabir B, Sill A, McDanal CB, Connolly SM, Goodman D, Bennetts RQ, O'Brien TR, Weinhold KJ, Bartholomew C, Blattner WA, Greenberg ML. A distinctive clade B HIV type 1 is heterosexually transmitted in Trinidad and Tobago. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Sep 12 97:19 10532-7, 2000. |
| 12. |
Robertson DL, Anderson JP, Bradac JA, Carr JK, Foley B, Funkhouser RK, Gao F, Hahn BH, Kalish ML, Kuiken C, Learn GH, Leitner T, McCutchan F, Osmanov S, Peeters M, Pieniazek D, Salminen M, Sharp PM, Wolinsky S, Korber B. HIV-1 nomenclature proposal [letter]. Science Apr 7 288:5463 55-6, 2000. |
| 13. |
Russell KL, Carcamo C, Watts DM, Sanchez J, Gotuzzo E, Euler A, Blanco JC, Galeano A, Alava A, Mullins JI, Holmes KK, Carr JK. Emerging genetic diversity of HIV-1 in South America. AIDS 14:1785-1791, 2000. |
| 14. |
Tovanabutra S, Polonis V, de Souza M, Trichavaroj R, Chanbancherd P, Kim B, Sanders-Buell E, Nitayaphan S, Brown A, Robb MR, Birx DL, McCutchan FE, Carr JK. First CRF01_AE/B recombinant of HIV-1 is found in Thailand. AIDS. 15:1063-1065, 2001. |
| 15. |
Carr JK, Torimiro JN, Wolfe ND, Eitel MN, Kim B, Sanders-Buell E, Jagodzinski LL, Gotte D, Burke DS, Birx DL, McCutchan FE. The AG recombinant IbNG and novel strains of group M HIV-1 are common in Cameroon. Virology 286:168-181. 2001. |
| 16. |
Carr JK, Avila M, Gomez Carrillo M, Salomom H, Hierholzer J, Watanaveeradej V, Pando MA, Negrete M, Russell KL, Sanchez J, Birx DL, Andrade R, Vinoles J, McCutchan FE. Diverse BF recombinants have spread widely since the introduction of HIV-1 into South America. AIDS 15:F41-F47. 2001. |
| 17. |
Avila MA, Pando MA, Martinez PL, Salomon H, Gomez Carrillo M, Hierholzer J, Marinello M, Negrete M, Russell KL, Carr JK. Two HIV-1 epidemics in Argentina with different genetic subtypes in different risk groups. J. AIDS 29(4):422-426. 2002. |
| 18. |
Gomez Carrillo M, Avila M, Hierholzer J, Pando M, Martinez PL, McCutchan FE, Carr JK. Mother-to-Child transmission in Argentina: BF recombinant have predominated in infected children since the mid 1980’s. AIDS Res Hum Ret. 18(7):477-483. 2002. |
| 19. |
Dowling WE, Kim B, Mason CJ, Wasunna KM, Alam U, Elson L, Birx DL, Robb ML, McCutchan FE, Carr JK. Forty-one near full length HIV-1 sequences from Kenya reveal an epidemic of subtype A and A-containing recombinants. AIDS 16:1809-1820 2002. |
| 20. |
Hierholzer M, Graham RR, El Khidir I, Tasker S, Darwish M., Chapman GD, Fagbami AH, Soliman A, Birx DL, McCutchan FE, Carr JK. HIV-1 Strains from East and West Africa are intermixed in Sudan. AIDS Res Hum Ret. 18(15):1163-1166 2002. |
| 21. |
Hierholzer J, Montano S, Hoelscher M, Negrete M, Hierholzer M, Avila M, Gomez Carrillo M, Russi J,. Vinoles J, Alava A, Acosta ME, Gianella A, Andrade R, Sanchez JL, Carrion G, Sanchez JL, Robb M, Birx DL, McCutchan FE, Carr JK. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay and Argentina. AIDS Res Hum Ret. AIDS Res Hum Ret 18(18):1339-1350. 2002. |
| 22. |
Tovanabutra S, Watanveeradej V, Viputtikul K, De Souza M., Razak MH, Suriyanon, Jittiwutikarn J, Sriplienchan S, Nitayaphan S, Benenson MW, Sirisopana N, Renzullo PO, Brown AE, Robb, ML, Beyrer C, Celentano DD, McNeil JG, Birx DL, Carr JK, McCutchan FE. A new circulating recombinant form, CRF15_01/B, reinforces the linkage between IDU and heterosexual epidemics in Thailand. AIDS Res Hum Ret. 19(7):561-567. 2003. |
| 23. |
Carrion G, Hierholzer J, Montano S, Alava A, Perez J, Guevara A, Laguna-Torres V, Mosquera C, Cruz C, Chauca G, Kochel T, Sanchez JL, Birx DL, Carr JK. Circulating Recombinant Form CRF02_AG in South America. AIDS Res Hum Ret. 19(4):329-332. 2003. |
| 24. |
Watanaveeradej V, deSouza M, Benenson MW, Sirisopana N, Nitayaphan S, Chanbancherd P, Brown AE, Sanders-Buell E, Birx DL, McCutchan FE, Carr JK. Subtype C/CRF01_AE Recombinant HIV-1 found in Thailand. AIDS 17 (14):2138-2140. 2003. |
| 25. |
Wolfe ND, Switzer WM, Carr JK, Bhullar VB, Shanmugam V, Tamoufe U, Prosser AT, Torimiro JN, Wright A, Mpoudi-Ngole E, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, Folks TM, Burke DS, Heneine W. Naturally acquired simian retrovirus infection among Central African hunters. The Lancet 363:932-937. 2004. |
| 26. |
Pando M, Biglione MM, Fernandez M, Rey J, Russell KL, Negrete M, Gianni S, Martinez-Peralta L, Salomon H, Estani SS, Montano SM, Olson JG, Sanchez JL, Carr JK, Avila MM. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and other viral co-infections among young heterosexual men and women in Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004 7(2):153-159. |
| 27. |
Bautista CT, Sanchez JL, Montano SM, Laguna-Torres VA, Lama JR, Sanchez JL, Kusonok L, Manrique H, Acosta J, Montoya A, Tambare AM, Avila MM, Vinoles J, Aguayo N, Olson JG, Carr JK. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for HIV-infection among South American men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Inf. 2004 80:498-504. |
| 28. |
Wolfe ND, Prosser AT, Carr JK, Tamoufe U, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Torimiro JD, LeBreton M, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, Burke DS. Exposure to non-human primates in Rural Cameroon. Emerg Inf Dis 2004 10(2):2094-2099. |
| 29. |
Montano SM, Sanchez JL, Laguna-Torres A, Cuchi P, Avila MM, Weissenbacher M, Serra M, Vinoles J, Russi JC, Aguayo N, Galeano AH, Gianella A, Andrade R, Arredono A, Ramirez E, Acosta ME, Alava A, Montoya O, Guevara A, Manrique H, Sanchez JL, de la Hoz F, Sanchez GI, Ayala C, Pacheco ME, Carrion G, Chauca G, Negrete M, Russell K, Perez JJ, Bautista CT, Olsen JG, Watts DM, Birx DL, Carr JK. Critical Role of Sexually-Transmitted Infections and Drug Use in the Transmission of HIV in South America. J AIDS in press. |
| 30. |
Saad MD, Al-Jaufy A, Graham RR, Nadai Y, Earhart KC, Sanchez JL, Carr JK. HIV-1 common in Europe, Africa and Asia co-circulate in Yemen. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 21(7):644-648. 2005. |
| 31. |
Carr JK, Nadai Y, Eyzaguirre L, Saad MD, Khakimov MM, Yakubov SK, Birx DL, Graham RR, Earhart KC. Sanchez JL. Outbreak of West African Recombinant of HIV-1 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. J AIDS 39(5): 570-575. 2005. |
| 32. |
Viñoles J, Serra M, Russi JC, Ruchansky D, Sosa-Estani S, Montano SM, Carrion G, Carr JK, Eyzaguirre LM, Olson JG, Bautista CT, Sanchez JL, Weissenbacher M. Seroincidence and phylogenetic analyses of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections in a cohort of male transvestite commercial sex workers in Montevideo, Uruguay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72(4):495-500. 2005. |
| 33. |
Wolfe ND, Hineine W, Carr JK, Garcia AD, Shanmugam V, Tamoufe U, Torimiro JD, Prosser AT, LeBreton M, Mpoudi-Ngole E, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, Folks TM, Burke DS, Switzer WM. Emergence of unique primate lymphotropic viruses among cental African bushmeat hunters. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102(22):7994-7999. 2005.
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